As mentioned before, the user interface layer will consist of two pages named Authors.aspx and AuthorTitles.aspx that will display the authors and the titles for a specific author respectively. To ensure all the pages in the web site have a consistent look and feel, ASP.NET 2.0 introduces a new feature named master pages. In this approach, a common base master file that contains the common layout for all the pages is created and all the pages in the web site (called content pages) are inherited from the master page. At runtime when the content page is requested through the browser, ASP.NET merges the output of the content page with the master page thereby providing a seamless way to reuse the master page layout and logic. The next section will demonstrate the steps involved in creating a master page and utilizing it from content pages.
Creating Consistent User Interface using Master Pages
With ASP.NET 2.0 master pages, you isolate the look and feel and standard behavior for all the pages in your application and move them to a master page. In the master page, you add placeholders (known as ContentPlaceHolder control) for the content pages (or child pages) to add their custom content. When users request the content pages, the output of the content pages are merged with the output of the master page, resulting in an output that combines the layout of the master page with the output of the content page.
As mentioned before, the master page defines content areas using the ContentPlaceHolder control,
and the content pages place their content in the areas identified by the ContentPlaceHolder control
in the master page. Pages that use a master page to define the layout can place content only in the
areas defined by the ContentPlaceHolder, thus enabling a consistent site design. Master pages are saved
with the file extension .master. Apart from containing all the contents that are required for defining
the standard look and feel of the application, the master pages also contain all the top-level HTML
elements for a page, such as <html>, <head>, and <form>. For this article, add a
master page named CommonMaster.Master to the page web site using the Add New Item dialog box. Modify
the code in the master page to look as shown below:
<%@ master language="C#" %>
<html>
<head id="Head1" runat="server">
<title>Master Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="Form1" runat="server">
<table id="header" style="WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 80px"
cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1">
<tr>
<td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; width: 100%; height: 74px;"
bgcolor=teal>
<asp:label runat="server" id="Header" Font-Size="12pt"
Font-Bold="True">Authors Information</asp:label>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<b/>
<table id="leftNav" style="WIDTH: 108px; HEIGHT: 100%"
cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1">
<tr>
<td style="WIDTH: 100px">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="Home.aspx">Home</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="Authors.aspx">Authors List</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table id="mainBody" style="LEFT: 120px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top;
WIDTH: 848px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 94px; HEIGHT: 100%"
border="1">
<tr>
<td width="100%" style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: top">
<asp:contentplaceholder id="middleContent"
runat="Server"></asp:contentplaceholder>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The above code looks similar to a traditional ASP.NET page and contains simple HTML and ASP.NET controls. The main difference between this page and a standard ASP.NET page is the use of the Master directive and the file suffix .master. Also note the use of the ContentPlaceHolder control, which dictates where content pages can insert content. The id attribute uniquely identifies the placeholder, allowing more than one placeholder to be in a master page. The master page can have code as well as content, allowing the master page to render contents dynamically. The above code defines a header and a left navigation bar as well as the body of the page using HTML table elements. Inside the body table, there is an asp:contentplaceholder control, which will be linked in all the content pages so that the content pages can insert their own content. Any content page that uses the above master page will automatically inherit the header, left navigation and the body from the master page.
Now that you have created the master page, let us create a content page that can leverage the master page. To this end, create a Web Form using Visual Studio 2005, name it as Authors.aspx as shown below.
Note that in the above screenshot, Select master page option is selected and this will result
in the master page picker dialog box being displayed. Select CommonMaster.master file from the list. This is shown below.
Click OK in the above dialog box. After the page is created, modify the code of the Authors.aspx Web page to look as follows:
<%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/CommonMaster.master" %>
<asp:content id="Content1" contentplaceholderid="middleContent"
runat="server">
<asp:objectdatasource runat="server" id="authorsSource"
typename="AuthorsBiz" selectmethod="GetAuthors">
</asp:objectdatasource>
<asp:gridview runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="false"
id="authorsView" datasourceid="authorsSource">
<alternatingrowstyle backcolor="Silver"></alternatingrowstyle>
<Columns>
<asp:HyperLinkField DataTextField="au_id"
HeaderText="Author ID" DataNavigateUrlFields="au_id"
DataNavigateUrlFormatString="AuthorTitles.aspx?AuthorID={0}">
</asp:HyperLinkField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="Last Name"
DataField="au_lname"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="First Name"
DataField="au_fname"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="Phone"
DataField="phone"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="Address"
DataField="address"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="City"
DataField="city"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="State"
DataField="state"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="Zip"
DataField="zip"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField HeaderText="Timestamp"
DataField="timestamp"></asp:BoundField>
</Columns>
</asp:gridview>
</asp:content>
As part of the page directive, there is a new attribute named MasterPageFile that allows you to specify the master page you want to use. Then you define an asp:content control and link that up to the master page's asp:contentplaceholder using the contentplaceholderid attribute. Inside the asp:content element, two controls are defined: an ObjectDataSource and a GridView control. The ObjectDataSource control acts as a data source for the GridView control, which simply displays all the authors in a list. An ObjectDataSource control is a new control that is introduced with ASP.NET 2.0 that greatly simplifies the way in which the middle tier business objects are consumed from an ASP.NET page. Let us discuss this control in detail.
ObjectDataSource Control and N-Tier Development
ASP.NET 2.0 provides excellent native support for N-Tier application design by introducing the ObjectDataSource control, which is one of the most compelling new entries in the ASP.NET 2.0 arsenal of controls and components. It promotes the use of a strong object model in the middle tier of distributed applications and makes it easier than ever to set up a direct link between the business logic classes and the user interface layer.
In ASP.NET v1.x, the middle tier would expose some sort of custom business objects to the user interface and then a developer would bind the data to the controls programmatically. Now with ASP.NET 2.0, this binding code is no longer necessary thanks to the ObjectDataSource control. With this control, you can simply bind to an output of an object's method directly to data-bound controls such as GridView, dropdown list and so on.
In the previous example, the ObjectDataSource control is used to directly bind the results of the GetAuthors method in the AuthorsBiz class and display them in a GridView control. This is shown below:
<asp:objectdatasource runat="server" id="authorsSource"
typename="AuthorsBiz" selectmethod="GetAuthors">
</asp:objectdatasource>
The ObjectDataSource control is used to instantiate the AuthorsBiz object that will then be responsible for retrieving the appropriate data from the database through the data access layer. The first property you need to set for this control is the TypeName property that tells the control the name of the class to instantiate. This can be the name of any class included in or referenced by the user interface assembly as long as it has a default public constructor (no parameters). Next, you specify the methods of the object, which will handle Select, Update, Insert, or Delete requests. To specify a method used to retrieve data, set the SelectMethod property. The select method must return an object that can be bound to a control such as a Dataset, XmlDocument, or Collection. If the method being invoked requires parameters, you can specify the parameters using the SelectParameters collection which is defined using the <SelectParameters> sub element. You can see an example of this in the implementation of the AuthorTitles.aspx page.
Now that you have had a look at the Authors.aspx page, let us move onto discuss the AuthorTitles.aspx page. Code for the AuthorTitles.aspx page is as follows:
<%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/CommonMaster.master" %>
<asp:content id="Content1" contentplaceholderid="middleContent"
runat="server">
<asp:objectdatasource runat="server" id="authorTitlesSource"
typename="AuthorsBiz" selectmethod="GetTitlesByAuthor">
<SelectParameters>
<asp:QueryStringParameter Type="String" Direction="Input"
Name="authorID" QueryStringField="AuthorID" />
</SelectParameters>
</asp:objectdatasource>
<asp:gridview runat="server" id="authorTitlesView"
datasourceid="authorTitlesSource">
<alternatingrowstyle backcolor="Silver"></alternatingrowstyle>
</asp:gridview>
</asp:content>
As you can see, the above code is very similar to the Authors.aspx except for the difference that the ObjectDataSource control uses asp:QueryStringParameter element to pass the author id (which is retrieved from the page query string) as an argument to the GetAuthorTitles method of the AuthorsBiz object.
Caching
Caching is a technique that allows you to keep frequently accessed pages or resources (that are expensive to construct) in the memory instead of recreating them from scratch every time. If you have data on the web page that does not change frequently and it is expensive construct then they can be considered as good candidates for caching. Caching is one of the powerful features that can be immensely useful in increasing the performance of a web application. ASP.NET 1.x Cache API was a revolutionary feature that provided capabilities such as declarative output caching, programmatic output caching, and invalidation of cached items when the contents of an XML file or another cached item changes and so on. Even though all these features were of excellent use in increasing the performance of the web application, ASP.NET 1.x did not provide a mechanism for invalidating the data in the cache object when the data in a database changes. This is a much sought after feature that will finally ship with the ASP.NET 2.0 version. Since the authors list does not change frequently, I will show you how to cache the authors list in the object data source control. As part of this, I will also demonstrate how to take advantage of the cache invalidation mechanism features so that the cached authors list can be automatically removed when the authors table changes in the database.
As mentioned before, one of the most interesting features of ASP.NET 2.0 is the introduction of database-triggered cache invalidation. This is a very common capability most of the applications will require. ASP.NET 2.0 addresses this by providing the database triggered cache invalidation capability that will allow you to ensure that the items in the cache are kept up-to-date with the changes in the database.
SQL Server Based Cache Invalidation Mechanism
The SQL Server based cache invalidation mechanism works with SQL Server 7.0 and above. However with SQL Server 7.0 and 2000, only table level cache invalidation mechanism is supported. This means that the cached items will be automatically invalidated any time the data in the table changes. The next release of SQL Server (code-named Yukon) called SQL Server 2005 will also feature row-level cache invalidation mechanism providing a finer level of accuracy over the cached data.
In Sql Server 7 and Sql Server 2000, table level cache invalidation is supported using a polling system. Through this system, the ASP.NET process will poll the database (pull model) every so many seconds to check and see which tables have changed since it last checked. Even though the pull model works for most cases, it is not an efficient approach. However this will be enhanced in SQL Server 2005 to have SQL Server 2005 actually notify (Push model) ASP.NET, whenever a particular row of data has been modified. SQL Server 2005 accomplishes this by using a feature named Notification Delivery Services (that uses ports 80), which directly interacts with HTTP.SYS of IIS 6.0 to notify the web server of updates to the specific rows.
Before you can establish cache dependency with SQL Server, you need to perform the following steps.
- You must have <cache> element in the configuration file (web.config)
- You also need to perform one time setup of the tables or databases you want to monitor using either the aspnet_regsql utility or the EnableTableForNotifications method.
After you have completed the above steps, ASP.NET can start invalidating the data in the cache when the SQL Server data changes. To begin, add the appropriate cache related settings in the web.config file as shown below.
<configuration>
<connectionStrings>
<add name="pubsConnectionString"
connectionString="Server=localhost;Database=Pubs;integrated
security=true" />
</connectionStrings>
<system.web>
<caching>
<sqlCacheDependency enabled="true">
<databases>
<add name="Pubs"
connectionStringName="pubsConnectionString"
pollTime="60000" />
</databases>
</sqlCacheDependency>
</caching>
</system.web>
</configuration>
In the above configuration entries, you specify the name of the database in which you want to enable the cache notification mechanism using the <caching> element. As you can see, there is a new section in web.config called <connectionString> in which you add the connection strings to the database. Once you add the connectionString to the connectionStrings section, you can then reference it from the sqlCacheDependency/databases section.
Next step is to enable the specific tables in the pubs database for notification. Note that this step is not required for SQL Server 2005. This example will make use of the aspnet_regsql utility to accomplish this. The aspnet_regsql utility creates an extra table named AspNet_SqlCacheTablesForChangeNotification that is used to keep track of the changes to all the monitored tables in the database. It also creates a number of triggers and stored procedures to enable this capability. To run the aspnet_regsql utility, open up the .NET Framework 2.0 SDK Command Prompt and enter the following command.
aspnet_regsql -S localhost -E -d pubs -ed
This will enable the database to support cache invalidation mechanism. Once you have enabled this for the pubs database, you can now enable it for the individual tables contained in the pubs database. To enable cache invalidation for the authors table, execute the following command.
aspnet_regsql -S localhost -E -d pubs -t authors -et
Now that you have created the plumbing required for the database cache invalidation, let us look at the steps involved in utilizing it from the Authors.aspx page.
Enabling Caching in the ObjectDataSource Control
In this section, you will see how to enable caching at the ObjectDataSource control. There are three important properties that need to be set in the ObjectDataSource control to enable caching. They are:
- EnableCaching - By setting this attribute to true, you enable caching in an ObjectDataSource control.
- CacheDuration - This property allows you to set or get the duration of the cached data in the ObjectDataSource control. This attribute is specified in terms of seconds.
- SqlCacheDependency - Specifies the connection string element value to use from the web.config file.
After adding the caching related attributes, the Authors.aspx looks as follows:
<%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/CommonMaster.master" %>
<asp:content id="Content1" contentplaceholderid="middleContent"
runat="server">
<asp:objectdatasource EnableCaching="true"
SqlCacheDependency="Pubs:authors"
CacheDuration="10000" runat="server" id="authorsSource"
typename="AuthorsBiz" selectmethod="GetAuthors">
</asp:objectdatasource>
<asp:gridview runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="false"
id="authorsView" datasourceid="authorsSource">
<alternatingrowstyle backcolor="Silver">
</alternatingrowstyle>
<Columns>
<asp:HyperLinkField DataTextField="au_id"
DataNavigateUrlFields="au_id"
DataNavigateUrlFormatString="AuthorTitles.aspx?AuthorID={0}">
</asp:HyperLinkField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="au_lname"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="au_fname"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="phone"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="address"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="city"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="state"></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField="zip"></asp:BoundField>
</Columns>
</asp:gridview>
</asp:content>
The preceding code listing demonstrates sql cache invalidation with the ObjectDataSource control. As you can see, the ObjectDataSource control contains both EnableCaching and SqlCacheDependency attributes. The SqlCacheDependency property uses the following syntax.
SqlCacheDependency="Pubs:authors"
The attribute declaration lists the name of the connection string identifier, followed by the name of the database table. Because of this attribute, any time data in the authors table of the Pubs database changes, the cached data will be automatically invalidated. The connection string identifier name that you are specifying here should already be defined in the caching\sqlCacheDependancy\databases section of the web.config file.
